[Agda] [Coq-Club] Why dependent type theory?

[Thorsten Altenkirch]

Hi Ettore,

We can look at both operations in the context of set theory. The sum is just the disjoint union ie
A+B = { (0,a) | a \in A } \cup  { (1,b) | b \in B }
Now + preserves isomorphism of sets but \cup doesn’t. Hence in set theory we have both structural operations and non-structural ones while in Type Theory all operations are structural, ie preserve isomorphisms.

Thorsten


Sent from my iPhone

On 5 Mar 2020, at 16:32, Ettore Aldrovandi <ealdrov at math.fsu.edu> wrote:

 Hi Thorsten,

of course you are correct about the union of  two sets (\cup). What I thought was not correct as an example is the comparison between \cup and +, because those are two different constructions, the latter being a disjoint union, or \sqcup, if we want to use a different notation.

I think I agree with the idea that types help hide the implementation, but the example as a whole does not support it because of \cup vs. \sqcup. From a categorical viewpoint, those are different types of colimits. The union, as in the rest of my example, is a colimit along the index category  {* <- * -> *}, whereas the disjoint union is a colimit along { * *} .

I hope this clarifies it. Sorry for the confusion,

—Ettore


On Mar 5, 2020, at 10:39, Thorsten Altenkirch <Thorsten.Altenkirch at nottingham.ac.uk<mailto:Thorsten.Altenkirch at nottingham.ac.uk>> wrote:

Hi Ettore,

In set theory the union of two sets (written \cup) is the set which contains the elements which are in one set or the other. Hence I cannot see what is “mathematically incorrect” in my example

Cheers,
Thorsten

From: Ettore Aldrovandi <ealdrov at math.fsu.edu<mailto:ealdrov at math.fsu.edu>>
Date: Wednesday, 4 March 2020 at 21:59
To: Thorsten Altenkirch <psztxa at exmail.nottingham.ac.uk<mailto:psztxa at exmail.nottingham.ac.uk>>
Cc: "coq-club at inria.fr<mailto:coq-club at inria.fr>" <coq-club at inria.fr<mailto:coq-club at inria.fr>>, agda-list <agda at lists.chalmers.se<mailto:agda at lists.chalmers.se>>, "coq+miscellaneous at discoursemail.com<mailto:coq+miscellaneous at discoursemail.com>" <coq+miscellaneous at discoursemail.com<mailto:coq+miscellaneous at discoursemail.com>>, lean-user <lean-user at googlegroups.com<mailto:lean-user at googlegroups.com>>
Subject: Re: [Agda] [Coq-Club] Why dependent type theory?

Hi,

I think the example below is not mathematically correct. The problem is that \cup is not the same as \sqcup. The latter is of course a coproduct in the category of sets, whereas the former is  a push-out, so a colimit of a more complicated diagram. In the line

{0,1}  \cup {0,1,2,3} = {0,1,2,3}

of course the two sets {0,1} and {0,1,2,3} are not disjoint, whereas  in the line

{true , false}  \cup {0,1,2,3} = {true,false,0,1,2,3}

the union is actually disjoint, i.e. a coproduct. In the example with the sum,

{0,1}  + {0,1,2,3} = {in1 0,in1 1,in2 0,in2 1,in2 2,in2 3}

{true , false}  + {0,1,2,3} = {in1 true,in1 false ,in2 0,in2 1,in2 2,in2 3}

in the first line {0,1} is actually made disjoint from {0,1,2,3}. To turn this around, suppose you do a push-out

{true, false} \coprod_{0,1} {0,1,2,3}

where you use the maps f : {0,1} -> {true, false} and i : {0,1} ->{0,1,2,3} . Then, since f is an isomorphism, you get something isomorphic to the union.

So, this example doesn’t really show that \cup exposes the implementation. But part of this example becomes possible because  in sets we have naively “disembodied” elements leading to constructions of this sort…

…I guess, I’m just learning this stuff myself. (First post here, actually!)

Best,

—Ettore

On Mar 4, 2020, at 04:42, Thorsten Altenkirch <Thorsten.Altenkirch at nottingham.ac.uk<mailto:Thorsten.Altenkirch at nottingham.ac.uk>> wrote:

First of all I don’t like the word “dependent type theory”. Dependent types are one important feature of modern Type Theory but hardly the only one.

To me the most important feature of Type Theory is the support of abstraction in Mathematics and computer science. Using  types instead of sets means that you can hide implementation choices which is essential if you want to build towers of abstraction. Set theory fails here badly. Just as a very simple example: in set theory you have the notion of union, so for example

{0,1}  \cup {0,1,2,3} = {0,1,2,3}

However, if we change the representation of the first set and use lets say {true,false} we get a different result:

{true , false}  \cup {0,1,2,3} = {true,false,0,1,2,3}

This means that \cup exposes implementation details because the results are not equivalent upto renaming. In Type Theory we have the notion of sum, sometimes called disjoint union, which is well behaved

{0,1}  + {0,1,2,3} = {in1 0,in1 1,in2 0,in2 1,in2 2,in2 3}

{true , false}  + {0,1,2,3} = {in1 true,in1 false ,in2 0,in2 1,in2 2,in2 3}

Unlike \cup, + doesn’t reveal any implementation details it is a purely structural operation. Having only structural operations means that everything you do is stable under equivalence, that is you can replace one object with another one that behaves the same. This is the essence of Voevodsky’s univalence principle.

There are other nice aspects of Type Theory. From a constructive point of view (which should come naturally to a computer scientists) the proporsitions as types explanation provides a very natural way to obtain “logic for free” and paedagogically helpful since it reduces logical reasoning to programming.

There are performance issues with implementations of Type Theory, however, in my experience (mainly agda) the execution of functions at compile time isn’t one of them. In my experience the main problem is to deal with a loss of sharing when handling equational constraints which can blow up the time needed for type checking. I think this is an engineering problem and there are some suggestions how to fix this.

Thorsten


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