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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Hi Ettore,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">In set theory the union of two sets (written \cup) is the set which contains the elements which are in one set or the other. Hence I cannot see what is “mathematically incorrect” in my example<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Cheers,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Thorsten<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">From: </span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:black">Ettore Aldrovandi <ealdrov@math.fsu.edu><br>
<b>Date: </b>Wednesday, 4 March 2020 at 21:59<br>
<b>To: </b>Thorsten Altenkirch <psztxa@exmail.nottingham.ac.uk><br>
<b>Cc: </b>"coq-club@inria.fr" <coq-club@inria.fr>, agda-list <agda@lists.chalmers.se>, "coq+miscellaneous@discoursemail.com" <coq+miscellaneous@discoursemail.com>, lean-user <lean-user@googlegroups.com><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: [Agda] [Coq-Club] Why dependent type theory?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Hi, </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">I think the example below is not mathematically correct. The problem is that \cup is not the same as \sqcup. The latter is of course a coproduct in the category of sets, whereas the former is a push-out, so a colimit of a more complicated
diagram. In the line </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt">{0,1} \cup {0,1,2,3} = {0,1,2,3}</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">of course the two sets {0,1} and {0,1,2,3} are not disjoint, whereas in the line </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt">{true , false} \cup {0,1,2,3} = {true,false,0,1,2,3}</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">the union is actually disjoint, i.e. a coproduct. In the example with the sum, </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt"><span lang="DE">{0,1} + {0,1,2,3} = {in1 0,in1 1,in2 0,in2 1,in2 2,in2 3}</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt"><span lang="DE"> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt"><span lang="DE">{true , false} + {0,1,2,3} = {in1 true,in1 false ,in2 0,in2 1,in2 2,in2 3}</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">in the first line {0,1} is actually made disjoint from {0,1,2,3}. To turn this around, suppose you do a push-out</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">{true, false} \coprod_{0,1} {0,1,2,3}</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">where you use the maps f : {0,1} -> {true, false} and i : {0,1} ->{0,1,2,3} . Then, since f is an isomorphism, you get something isomorphic to the union. </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">So, this example doesn’t really show that \cup exposes the implementation. But part of this example becomes possible because in sets we have naively “disembodied” elements leading to constructions of this sort…</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">…I guess, I’m just learning this stuff myself. (First post here, actually!)</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Best,</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">—Ettore</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Mar 4, 2020, at 04:42, Thorsten Altenkirch <<a href="mailto:Thorsten.Altenkirch@nottingham.ac.uk">Thorsten.Altenkirch@nottingham.ac.uk</a>> wrote:</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">First of all I don’t like the word “dependent type theory”. Dependent types are one important feature of modern Type Theory but hardly the only one.</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">To me the most important feature of Type Theory is the support of abstraction in Mathematics and computer science. Using types instead of sets means that you can hide implementation choices which is essential if you want to build towers
of abstraction. Set theory fails here badly. Just as a very simple example: in set theory you have the notion of union, so for example</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt">{0,1} \cup {0,1,2,3} = {0,1,2,3}</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt"> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">However, if we change the representation of the first set and use lets say {true,false} we get a different result:</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt">{true , false} \cup {0,1,2,3} = {true,false,0,1,2,3}</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">This means that \cup exposes implementation details because the results are not equivalent upto renaming. In Type Theory we have the notion of sum, sometimes called disjoint union, which is well behaved</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt"><span lang="DE">{0,1} + {0,1,2,3} = {in1 0,in1 1,in2 0,in2 1,in2 2,in2 3}</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt"><span lang="DE"> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent:36.0pt"><span lang="DE">{true , false} + {0,1,2,3} = {in1 true,in1 false ,in2 0,in2 1,in2 2,in2 3}</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="DE"> </span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Unlike \cup, + doesn’t reveal any implementation details it is a purely structural operation. Having only structural operations means that everything you do is stable under equivalence, that is you can replace one object with another one
that behaves the same. This is the essence of Voevodsky’s univalence principle.</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">There are other nice aspects of Type Theory. From a constructive point of view (which should come naturally to a computer scientists) the proporsitions as types explanation provides a very natural way to obtain “logic for free” and paedagogically
helpful since it reduces logical reasoning to programming.</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">There are performance issues with implementations of Type Theory, however, in my experience (mainly agda) the execution of functions at compile time isn’t one of them. In my experience the main problem is to deal with a loss of sharing
when handling equational constraints which can blow up the time needed for type checking. I think this is an engineering problem and there are some suggestions how to fix this.</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Thorsten</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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